&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ff99cc;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hepatitis B Virus&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #999999;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;Dr.Deyn Natthakhet Yaemim, written on 28 January 2019. Last reviewed and updated 18 June 2024&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ff99cc;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hepatitis B is a potentially life-threatening liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;Hepatitis B can cause chronic infection and puts people at high risk of death from cirrhosis and liver cancer. A safe and effective vaccine with 98-100% protection against hepatitis B is available. Preventing hepatitis B infection averts the development of complications including the development of chronic disease and liver cancer.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;h2 class=&quot;headline cc-m-header-inline-rte&quot; data-action=&quot;header&quot; data-name=&quot;header&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ff99cc;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How is hepatitis B spread?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;The hepatitis B virus is spread when blood, semen, or other body fluids infected with the hepatitis B virus enter the body of a person who is not infected. People can become infected with the virus from:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;Birth (spread from an infected mother to her baby during birth)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;Sex with an infected partner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;Sharing needles, syringes, or drug preparation equipment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;Sharing items such as toothbrushes, razors or medical equipment such as a glucose monitor with an infected person&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;Direct contact with the blood or open sores of an infected person&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;Exposure to blood from needlesticks or other sharp instruments of an infected person&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ff99cc;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&quot;Hepatitis B virus is not spread through food or water, sharing eating utensils, breastfeeding, hugging, kissing, hand holding, coughing, or sneezing.&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;h2 class=&quot;headline cc-m-header-inline-rte&quot; data-action=&quot;header&quot; data-name=&quot;header&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ff99cc;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can we prevent hepatitis B?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;Yes. The best way to prevent hepatitis B is by getting vaccinated. The hepatitis B vaccine is safe and effective. Completing the series of shots is needed for full protection.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&quot;headline cc-m-header-inline-rte&quot; data-action=&quot;header&quot; data-name=&quot;header&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ff99cc;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How does the hepatitis B vaccine work?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;The hepatitis B vaccine stimulates your natural immune system to protect against the hepatitis B virus. After the vaccine is given, your body makes antibodies that protect you against the virus. An antibody is a substance found in the blood that is produced in response to a virus invading the body. These antibodies will fight off the infection if a person is exposed to the hepatitis B virus in the future.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;Several blood tests are available to diagnose and monitor people with hepatitis B. They can be used to distinguish acute and chronic infections.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;Laboratory diagnosis of hepatitis B infection focuses on detecting the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pulse-clinic.com.sg/hepatitis-b-test-and-b-vaccine-singapore-clinic&quot;&gt;hepatitis B surface antigen HBsAg&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Acute HBV infection&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;is characterized by the presence of&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;HBsAg&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;and immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody to the core antigen,&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;HBcAg&lt;/strong&gt;. During the initial phase of infection, patients are also seropositive for hepatitis B e antigen (&lt;strong&gt;HBeAg&lt;/strong&gt;). The presence of HBeAg indicates that the blood and body fluids of the infected individual are highly infectious.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Chronic infection&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;is characterized by the persistence of HBsAg for at least 6 months. The persistence of HBsAg is the principal marker of risk for developing chronic liver disease and liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) later in life.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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