&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;In recent years, nootropics, also called smart drugs, have gained popularity among people looking to improve their mental performance.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter, or brain chemical, that plays a role in many key aspects of brain function, such as memory, thinking, and learning. Not limited to that, it also help our body produce and release the&lt;/span&gt; &lt;strong&gt;ASS JUICE&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;h10&quot;&gt;What Is Acetylcholine?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;Acetylcholine is a molecule that functions as a neurotransmitter (chemical messenger) in your body. This means it relays messages from your brain to your body through nerve cells&amp;nbsp;to &amp;ldquo;communicate&amp;rdquo; with other neurons. (1). It&amp;rsquo;s produced from acetyl coenzyme A, which comes from the sugar molecule glucose, and choline, with the help of an enzyme called choline acetyltransferase (1).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;In 1914, it was the very first&lt;/span&gt; &lt;strong&gt;neurotransmitter &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;to be identified within the brain (10-11).&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Researchers have found that acetylcholine acts on the entire nervous system and plays a large variety of roles throughout the brain.&amp;nbsp;It has many important functions in the body and plays a role in muscle movement, thinking, working memory, and many other brain functions (2,3).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;But it&amp;rsquo;s most commonly associated with&lt;/span&gt; &lt;strong&gt;improved memory&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;and learning (12-13). The brain actually needs enough acetylcholine to form memories.&amp;nbsp;Research shows that acetylcholine plays a central role in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;strong&gt;synaptic plasticity&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;, which is a process in the brain that allows&lt;/span&gt; &lt;strong&gt;brain cells&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;to store new information and memories (14).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;What&amp;rsquo;s also interesting is that acetylcholine levels have even been shown to rise during REM sleep, which is the stage of sleep when humans &amp;ldquo;store and consolidate&amp;rdquo; new memories (15-17).&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p id=&quot;yui_3_17_2_1_1611841250516_648&quot; class=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;New studies suggest it helps you stay awake, alert and focused (18-19).&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;In fact, some&lt;/span&gt; &lt;strong&gt;stimulant drugs&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;such as amphetamines and cocaine increase the activity of acetylcholine in the brain, and researchers think acetylcholine may be responsible for the wakefulness-promoting effects of these&lt;/span&gt; &lt;strong&gt;drugs&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;(20).&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;Lastly &amp;ndash; but perhaps most importantly &amp;ndash; acetylcholine can promote relaxation by&lt;/span&gt; &lt;strong&gt;stimulating the&amp;nbsp;vagus&amp;nbsp;nerve&lt;/strong&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;Research shows that acetylcholine can&lt;/span&gt; &lt;strong&gt;stimulate&amp;nbsp;vagus&amp;nbsp;nerve activity&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;, which can reduce brain inflammation and improve cognitive function and mental health (21, 25).&amp;nbsp;Surprisingly, acetylcholine is the main&lt;/span&gt; &lt;strong&gt;neurotransmitter &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;of the &amp;ldquo;rest-and-digest&amp;rdquo; parasympathetic nervous system. It activates the parasympathetic nervous system and counteracts &amp;ldquo;fight-or-flight&amp;rdquo; tendencies (22-24).&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;Conversely, low acetylcholine levels have been linked to learning and memory impairments, as well as brain disorders, such as dementia and&amp;nbsp;Alzheimer&amp;rsquo;s disease.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;h10&quot;&gt;How To Increase Acetylcholine Levels&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;Though acetylcholine plays a key role in many aspects of your health, there are no dietary supplements that can directly increase its levels.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;However, you can eat foods or take dietary supplements that indirectly increase the release of acetylcholine or inhibit its breakdown.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;One of the easiest ways to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;raise acetylcholine levels&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;is to consume foods or take dietary supplements that are high in choline &amp;mdash; an essential nutrient that can be converted into&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;acetylcholine&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;(1). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;Choline is present in many foods, including (4):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Beef liver:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;3 ounces (85 grams) contain 65% of the Daily Value (DV).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Egg:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;1 large hard-boiled egg contains 27% of the DV.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Beef top round:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;3 ounces (85 grams) contain 21% of the DV.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Soybeans, roasted:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;1/2 cup (86 grams) contains 19% of the DV.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Chicken breast, roasted:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;3 ounces (85 grams) contain 13% of the DV.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fish, cod:&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;3 ounces (85 grams) contain 13% of the DV.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Shiitake mushrooms, cooked:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;1/2 cup (73 grams) contains 11% of the DV.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Kidney beans, canned:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;1/2 cup (128 grams) contains 8% of the DV.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Quinoa, cooked:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;1 cup (185 grams) contains 8% of the DV.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Milk, 1%:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;1 cup (240 mL) contains 8% of the DV.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vanilla yogurt, nonfat:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;1 cup (245 grams) contains 7% of the DV.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Broccoli, boiled:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;1/2 cup (78 grams) contains 6% of the DV.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Brussels sprouts, boiled:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;1/2 cup (78 grams) contains 6% of the DV.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;Dietary supplements that can increase choline levels include alpha-GPC (L-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine), citicoline (CDP-choline), and choline bitartrate.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;However, alpha-GPC and citicoline are typically higher in choline content per unit weight and are more easily absorbed than other forms (5, 6).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;Another way you can indirectly increase acetylcholine levels is by taking supplements that inhibit enzymes that break down acetylcholine.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;Certain supplements that may inhibit acetylcholine breakdown include (7, 8, 9):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Ginkgo biloba&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(ginkgo)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Bacopa monnieri&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;huperzine A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;h10&quot;&gt;Choline and Healthful Diets&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;The federal government&amp;rsquo;s 2015&amp;ndash;2020&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Dietary Guidelines for Americans&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;notes that &amp;ldquo;Nutritional needs should be met primarily from foods. Foods in nutrient-dense forms contain essential vitamins and minerals and also dietary fiber and other naturally occurring substances that may have positive health effects. In some cases, fortified foods and dietary supplements may be useful in providing one or more nutrients that otherwise may be consumed in less-than-recommended amounts.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;h10&quot;&gt;The Best Choline Supplements to Increase Acetylcholine in the Brain&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Eggs&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;are one of the richest food sources of choline. And research shows that eating eggs can lead to a significant increase in choline levels in the blood and in the brain&amp;nbsp;(26-27).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Citicholine&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;,&amp;nbsp;Since choline helps produce acetylcholine, citicoline also increases acetylcholine in the brain (28, 29-30).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Alpha GPC&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;,&amp;nbsp;One study found that it increases levels of acetylcholine in the frontal cortex region of the brain, which improves memory, judgment and decision making (31).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pantethine&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;can lead to an increase in the synthesis of acetylcholine in the brain (32-34).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR)&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;it is the precursor to acetylcholine and increases levels of acetylcholine in the brain. It also activates acetylcholine receptors in the brain (35).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Zinc&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;(an essential mineral for brain and sexual health). Zinc significantly inhibits acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down and reduces acetylcholine. As a result, it increases acetylcholine levels (36).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt; is the main polyphenol found in green tea.&amp;nbsp;Research shows that EGCG improves cognitive function by increasing cholinergic neurotransmission in the brain (37). Research shows that you can enhance the absorption and availability of EGCG by taking it with Vitamin C.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Magnesium&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt; is a vital mineral that participates in more than 300 biochemical reactions in your body.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Manganese&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt; is an important trace mineral for human health. Manganese has been shown to increase the synthesis of acetylcholine (38) and it acts as a cofactor, helping many enzymes carry out their functions in the body.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Curcumin&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;is the most heavily researched compound within turmeric, the spice that gives curry its yellow colour.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;Curcumin has also been shown to enhance the activity of acetylcholine in the brain&amp;nbsp; (39-40).&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;h10&quot;&gt;Does Excercise Increase Acetylcholine?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Exercise&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Training&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Increases Acetylcholine, &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;stimulated Endothelium-derived Nitric Oxide Release&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;h10&quot;&gt;What Happens If You Have Too Much Acetylcholine?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;Excessive accumulation of&amp;nbsp;acetylcholine&amp;nbsp;(ACh) at the neuromuscular junctions and synapses causes symptoms of both muscarinic and nicotinic toxicity. These include cramps, increased salivation, lacrimation, muscular weakness, paralysis, muscular fasciculation, diarrhea, and blurry vision. (41-42)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;REFERENCES&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11143/&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11143/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28791706/&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28791706/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17011181/&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17011181/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Choline-HealthProfessional/&quot;&gt;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Choline-HealthProfessional/&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17331541/&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17331541/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/CDP-choline&quot;&gt;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/CDP-choline&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23177260/&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23177260/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23772955/&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23772955/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22941287/&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22941287/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3026477/&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3026477/&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4403272/&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4403272/&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2659740/&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2659740/&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2659740/&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2659740/&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10071091&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10071091&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10808142&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10808142&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16183137&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16183137&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10808142&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10808142&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16183137&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16183137&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16183137&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16183137&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3859808/&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3859808/&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6150928/#b0545&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6150928/&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30969605/&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30969605/&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20060422&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20060422&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4540232/&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4540232/&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK209058/&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK209058/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2782876/&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2782876/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18289004&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18289004&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15005642&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15005642&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4061873/&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4061873/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21195433&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21195433&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21195433&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21195433&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19685700&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19685700&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1533210110392944&quot;&gt;https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1533210110392944&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2215852&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2215852&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16243721&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16243721&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22366543&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22366543&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1393682/pdf/jphysiol01485-0019.pdf&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1393682/pdf/jphysiol01485-0019.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29341902&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29341902&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29339457&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29339457&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482433/&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482433/#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16377829/&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16377829/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

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